One of them being The Rule of Thirds, by using this your photo will be more pleasing to the human eye. It is a grid of nine squares, two vertical and two horizontal lines and around the middle square there are four intersection points. The rule of thirds says that you should position the most important elements in your scene along those lines, or at the points where they intersect. It looks like this:
It is more pleasing to the eye if the image is based around one of the intersection points, rather than in the centre. The human eye is naturally drawn to a point two thirds up the page, so in the middle at the top of the rule of thirds.
Below is a photo that has used the rule of thirds, as you can see the photographer has positioned the house to the right of the interception points. Notice how the building and horizon are aligned along rule-of-thirds lines. This creates a better image for the reader. Placing your main subject off-centre, as with the rule of thirds, creates a more interesting photo, but it can leave a void in the scene which can make it feel empty. You should balance the ''weight'' of your subject by including another object of lesser importance to feel the space.
Another technique used when taking a photo is Using Lines, when considering the composition of an image one of the key elements to look out for are 'lines.' They can add the dynamic impact to the photograph in terms of mood, as well as how they lead the public into the image.
Diagonal lines draw the eye of the viewer through the photograph. They create points of interest with other lines which gives the image depth. It draws your eyes in to the middle of the interception points. A good photograph will almost always make use of one kind of line or another. There are many different types of lines such as Leading lines, Curved lines, Diagonal lines, Horizontal lines, Vertical lines and Implied lines.
Below is an example of Using Lines:
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